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terms marked with are often without further comment.  They come from the experience of people who have translated large tracts of Salesian literature, e.g. Fr Borgatelli’s translation of the Memorie Biografiche.  In other words most of these terms are dated ones, found only or mainly in older Salesian texts.  To view terms in context, click on the text indicator below the term (not all terms have one as yet). To view terms in context, click on the text indicator below the term (not all terms have one as yet). Use the 'find' facility in Notepad or other to find the precise location of the term in context

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1a età

IT

age group 1-30

第一年齡 1-30

Nhoùm tuoåi töø 1- 30

EN-EN

ZH

VI

 

 

2a età

IT

age group 30-60

第二年齡 30-60

Nhoùm tuoåi töø 30-60

EN-EN

ZH

VI

 

 

3a età, terza età

IT

age group 60-75

第三年齡 60-75

Nhoùm tuoåi töø 60-75

EN-EN

ZH

VI

 

 

4a età

IT

age group 75 onwards

第四年齡 75歲後

Nhoùm tuoåi töø 75 trôû leân

EN-EN

ZH

VI

 

 

abbandonato

290vigano.txt - .. l’ammalato e il prigioniero, nel liberare e promuovere il giovane 0abbandonato e sviato.

IT

abandoned

 貧苦無告的

Bò boû rôi

EN-EN

ZH

VI

expect to find often in the phrase povero(i) e abbandonato(i)

 

 

 

Note the term ‘poor and abandoned’ which DB used but which was also frequently in use to describe the situation of young people who might also be socially and religiously deprived.  In general, however, it referred to suburbs such as Valdocco with large masses of ordinary people where the situation of young people was depressing--and depressed. In general then, the term indicates those lacking supportive context of family, school etc.

abito talare

abito, deporre l’

IT

clerical habit, clerical dress

AÙo giaùo só

to lay aside the cassock

 神職人員服裝

Boû aùo thaày tu

EN-EN

 

VI

 

 

ZH

VI

 

Return to Index

abside

IT

sanctuary

Gian cung thaùnh

EN-EN

VI

 

 

accademia

330vigano.txt  L’1Accademia Mariana Salesiana, animata dal compianto e benemerito don Domenico Bertetto

IT

academy, entertainment programme

學院 大學 研究院

Daï hoäi, chöông trình bieåu dieãn

EN-EN

 

 

ZH

VI

Now much less used as a term in Salesian circles; more common in some formation communities

But the term also has the meaning of an academic association for promotion of something religious, cultural.. as in the Salesian Marian Academy

Referred to a semi-liturgical event, usually with music and talks, offered for particular feast days

 

 

accolitato

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Rfcap10.txt  – fare esperienza del ministero proprio del lettorato e dell’11accolitato, del diaconato e del

IT

Acolyte, ministry of Acolyte

 輔祭職

Giuùp leã, thöøa taùc vuï giuùp leã

EN-EN

 

ZH

VI

 

In the Ratio #474 the English refers to this ministry, allowing the sentence structure to refer to the earlier mention of ministry of Acolyte.

Note that the term nearly always appears in close association with lettorato or ministry of Reader.

 The one who takes on this ministry is called accolito or Acolyte.

 

 

accompagnamento (giovanile)

314vigano.txt -  «L’1accompagnamento individuale — personalizzato in una sapiente opera di discernimento e di direzione spirituale — e l’2accompagnamento di gruppo, condivisione di un graduale cammino di fede comunitario,

IT

accompaniment (of the young)

ñoàng haønh (vôùi ngöôøi treû)

 

EN-EN

 

VI

The term applies either to an individual or to a group and implies guidance, spiritual direction and a certain style, if carried out by Salesians.

 

 

We could rightly speak of a pedagogy of accompaniment at the core of the Salesian approach to the young.

There are more specific forms of this accompaniment as in sacramental accompaniment in Confession.

accompagnamento vocazionale

Cg23.txt - ...accompagnamento vocazionale, essa ha saputo dar vita a nuove e svariate...

IT

guidance in vocation discernment

聖召輔導

höôùng daãn trong vieäc bieän phaân ôn goïi

EN-EN

 

ZH

VI

Could also be glossed as vocation accompaniment

 

accortezza

DBBesucco.txt - ... parlatore; e gli altri ammirarono l'0accortezza e la prudenza del nostro giovinetto.

IT

acumen, sharpness

Nhaïy beùn, saéc beùn

 

EN-EN

VI

 

 

acquisti

359-consultazione.txt  (nomine varie, dispense dai voti, nulla osta per vendite o 0acquisti, ecc.)

IT

purchases

 購置

Thu hoaïch, mua taäu

EN-EN

ZH

VI

Accounting terminology

 

ad multos annos

LA

May you have many more years

祝你長命百歲

Anh coøn  nhieàu naêm nöõa

EN-EN

 

ZH

VI

A good wish.  Salesians know this phrase mostly from the sung refrain on festive occasions. 

 It would be less likely to be recognised by younger Salesians outside Europe unless the habit of singing it has been maintained in early formation

ad nutum

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Pv12.txt -  Descritta la figura e il ruolo del Segretario generale, l'articolo dispone che egli venga nominato dal Rettor Maggiore con il consenso del suo Consiglio e rimanga «4ad nutum».

LA

according to the will of..

按某人意願

theo yù cuûa ...

EN-EN

ZH

VI

A canonical term to refer to a person appointed for the time that the Superior remains in office, or until he changes his mind

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adorazione

385_orientfragvoc.txt -  l’esperienza della preghiera personale, l’esercizio della lectio divina, l’33adorazione eucaristica,

IT

adoration

 朝拜 欽崇

vieäc toân thôø

EN-EN

ZH

VI

The term presents no particular translation or linguistic problem.  Desramaut includes it among his 100 key words in Salesian spirituality, however.

 

 

Salesians begin their understanding of the term from F. de Sales who sees adoration as praise of God anywhere and everywhere – a daily thing, then.  Adoration before the Bl. Sacrament is very much part of Salesian tradition, following Don Bosco, Don Rua et al.

affidamento

Cg23.txt -  La nostra fiducia nell’affidamento a Maria

IT

entrustment

 託付

vieäc trao phoù

EN-EN

ZH

VI

As in act of entrustment

 

 

afflictis lentae – celere gaudentibus horae

Dbmosf.txt - Alzando lo sguardo sopra una meridiana lessi questo verso: Afflictis lentae, celeres gaudentibus horae.

LA

time passes slowly for those who are sad

時間為憂苦的人過得慢,為快樂的人過得快

ñoái vôùi ai ñang buoàn thì thôøi gian coù veû troâi qua chaäm raõi

EN-EN

 

ZH

 

VI

John Bosco saw this inscription on the sundial at the seminary in Chieri when he first entered there, and determined to make his time pass quickly!

 

Africa-Madagascar

CG25strutture1.txt -  È stata esaminata anche la situazione della Regione 1Africa-Madagascar.

EN

Africa-Madagascar

 非洲馬達加斯加

Phi chaâu-Madagascar

EN-EN

ZH

VI

current Salesian region

 

Agenzia Internazionale Salesiana d’Informazione ANS

SSCS - it.txt - ANS - 3Agenzia Internazionale Salesiana di Informazione

IT

 Salesian  International Information Agency,

(Salesian News Agency)

慈幼會國際新聞社

cô quan thoâng tin quoác teá Saledieâng,

 

EN-EN

 

 

ZH

VI

The acronym ANS does not actually represent the current designation – it comes from an earlier one, Agenzia Notizie Salesiane but was retained for ease of use.

 

In fact, the agency is for information, a wider term than simply news.  But common parlance tends to call it the Salesian News Agency, given that in English the term Information Agency is not in common use.

agiatezza

 DBtestspir.txt -la vera 6agiatezza che nessuno invidierà e niuno verrà a rapirci.

IT

comfort

舒適

An uûi,

EN-EN

ZH

VI

 

 

aggregati

 

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318vigano.txt -  «Soci esterni» 2aggregati alla Società di San Francesco di Sales, che avrebbe voluto inserire nelle Costituzioni

IT

aggregated, persons who are aggregated

Ñöôïc noái keát laïi, nhöõng ngöôøi ñöôïc noái keát laïi vôùi nhau.

EN-EN

 

VI

The term was used by Don Bosco in reference to the co-founding of the Institute of the Daughters of Mary Help of Christians.  DB wrote in the preface to their first Constitutions asking them to pray for the Pia Società Salesiana alla quale siete aggregate.

 

 

In 1901 the Holy See decreed in Normae Secundum Quas that the female branches of the spiritual families founded within a charism be juridically separated  from the male (the assumption maybe being that it was the male who always founded the female branch!)  In the case of the FMA, Mary Mazzarello has been correctly termed as co-foundress.  The 1901 decree looked like impinging directly on a delicate but important founding reality.  Fortunately a further decree in 1917 re-established a juridical link by making the Rector Major the Apostolic Delegate for the FMA.
Albera, Paolo IT

Paul Albera

Phaoloâ Albera

 

EN-EN

VI

Paul Albera was the second successor of Don Bosco, a fact predicted by the Saint of Valdocco himself. Elected Rector Major at the death of Don Michael Rua (1910) he dedicated himself particularly to the spiritual formation of the members of the Salesian Society, spelling out directives for interior life. This care was also mirrored in the social field in his wish that educational work be pursued beyond the schools and colleges by more stringent and consequent bonds.

 

He brought together Congresses of Past Pupils and Cooperators with precise aims: to forge fraternal bonds which would augment the fruits of the education received and which would facilitate mutual assistance; to diffuse the Christian spirit throughout family, society and especially amongst young people; to promote and put in place, eventually, private and public initiatives aimed at supporting the many works of assistance, religious and social outlook that have come into existence in the name of Don Bosco. He carried this through most effectively amidst the difficulties of the first World War when it was necessary to organize huge works of charity and assistance in different nations at war

allegria

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Cg20-1.txt 4Allegria era il clima in cui il Santo giovanetto cresceva coi coetanei nella fede vissuta, e sua delizia

IT

cheerfulness

 快樂

Vui töôi

EN-EN

ZH

VI

part of DB’s trinomial: allegria, studio-lavoro, pietà.  Also C. 17  ‘Let’s serve the Lord in cheerfulness.’  cf. also sta allegro.

 

Frequently employed by Don Bosco and has the sense of a virtue, hence his including it in recommendations to Dominic Savio who asked what he had to do to become a saint. 

allegria, studio, pietà

DBBesucco.txt - Eccole: 65Allegria, Studio, Pietà. e' questo il grande programma, il quale praticando, tu..

IT

cheerfulness, study, piety

 歡樂 勤學 虔誠

Vui töôi, hoïc haønh, nhaân ñöùc

EN-EN

 

ZH

VI

A classic DB item of advice to the boys at the Oratory.  Cf. Also salute, sapienza e santità

 

ambiente educativo

365vecchi.txt - Il terzo ambito, sul quale la consacrazione può farsi sentire, è l’ambiente educativo.

IT

educational environment

教育環境

moâi tröôøng giaùo duïc

EN-EN

 

ZH

VI

 

 

ambienti popolari

324vigano.txt -  Inoltre, parlando della promozione umana, le Costituzioni ci ricordano che «lavoriamo in 4ambienti popolari

IT

ordinary poor people

平民環境

nhöõng ngöôøi bình daân

EN-EN

ZH

VI

cf. Also ceti popolari

 

 

the people who live in an ordinary set of circumstances and because of their economic, social and political status are without privileges, pre-eminence, and represent the common people

ambienti salesiani

379chavez.txt  in Cristo l’amico comune e l’unico Salvatore, «i giovani degli 0ambienti salesiani

IT

Salesian settings

慈幼會環境

Nhöõng boái caûnh Saleâdieâng

 

EN-EN

ZH

VI

 

 

ambito

IT

area, ambit

領域

Khu vöïc, phaïm vi

EN-EN

ZH

VI

This term is included here because it is used by the Salesian Sisters in a particular way – to indicate what the SDBs call a settore or sector (cf. these terms separately).  The Sisters refer to these areas of the Salesian mission as an ambito, e.g. Youth Ministry (Pastorale Giovanile), Social Communication etc.

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a synonym is dimensione-dimension, area, settore di attività

 

Amici di Don Bosco

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Cg24 DocCap.txt -  Si riconosce che gli 23amici di don Bosco si inseriscono in un movimento..

IT

Friends of Don Bosco

 鮑思高之友

Nhöõng ngöôøi baïn cuûa Don Bosco

EN-EN

ZH

VI

common denominator in any so-called Friend of DB: sympathy for DB, his mission and spirit and a willingness to work for the good of young people according to the Salesian mission, even if just as benefactors.

In Philippines it refers to a specific group in Manila which runs a small restaurant under Salesian direction

 

amicizia

Dbmosf.txt - Attesa l'amicizia, la confidenza illimitata che passava tra me e il Comollo, eravamo soliti parlare di quanto..

 

IT

friendship

 友誼

tình baïn

EN-EN

ZH

VI

The term presents no particular difficulty.  It is included here because it is one of the 100 words of Salesian spirituality selected by Desramaut.

Salesian understanding of friendship is normally quite positive, drawing from F. de Sales but also DB’s friendship experiences (e.g. Jonah, his Jewish friend, Comollo, in MO). DB was not afraid to speak of friendship between Salesians and their pupils.  It is also true to say that there was a long period of negative associations of friendship in Salesian tradition from Don Rua until Fr Viganò, when once again the term receives a positive approach.

amministrazione dei beni temporali

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Pv12.txt -Questa dizione può essere applicata all'11amministrazione dei beni temporali non tanto come a un'area operativa della missione salesiana, quanto piuttosto come ad una dimensione

IT

administration of temporal goods

vieäc quaûn trò nhöõng haøng hoùa  ngaén haïn

EN-EN

 

VI

Term which deals with the structural aspect within Salesian communities cf Cons. 108 and the corresponding regulations.

The Salesian Society has the ability to acquire, possess, administer and alienate temporal goods (Congregation, province, house level).

cf also poverty. economy

Temporal goods are regarded as means through which to achieve the apostolic aims of the Congregation.

ammissioni

388COLLABORAZIONE INTERISPETTORIALE.txt

Le 4ammissioni "costituiscono momenti importanti di discernimento per il candidato

 

IT

admissions

vieäc tieáp nhaän

 

EN-EN

VI

The term is used in reference to entry into the Congregation, for renewal of vows, for perpetual vows or for admission to stages towards the priesthood. It is a process as well as a juridical decision, involving more than one person or group.  Admissions to vows, ministries and Orders implies the free decision of the one applying, the community which helps discern and the Rector and his Council (and Provincial and Council) who recommend or approve the admission.

ammortamenti

IT

amortizations

 分期償還

vieäc nhöôïng laïi (taøi saûn)

EN-EN

ZH

VI

Accounting terminology

 

amore

RFCN_Cap_2.txt - equilibrio emozionale, capacità di scelte libere, apertura agli altri, capacità di vero amore

l’amore per la Chiesa nella comunione..

religiosi, sull’amore di Dio e del prossimo, e riesce a indirizzare verso queste mete le..

Orientamenti educativi sull’amore umano. Lineamenti di educazione sessuale, 1983

IT

love

 愛情

tình yeâu

EN-EN

ZH

VI

A term with an extensive set of meanings, connotations!  Desramaut includes it among his 100 words of Salesian spirituality (he could do no other!) understood from its mystical ‘love of the soul for God’ aspect.

Clearly love of God has primacy in the spirituality of F. de Sales.  Likewise for DB.  There is also, in the latter, an element of the ‘fear of God’ to be noted: a God who is just.

amorevolezza

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Dbmagone.txt - 1° Accogliete con amorevolezza ogni sorta di penitenti, ma specialmente i giovanetti.

 

IT

loving-kindness

慈愛 和藹

tình thöông meán

EN-EN

ZH

VI

A key Salesian term referring to the kind of love shown in the context of the Preventive System; part of the trinomial reason, religion and loving-kindness

at one time written as two words, it now tends to be hyphenated as loving-kindness and possibly could also be written as one word without the hyphen, at least among Salesians

anagrafe

chavezsalvrag02.txt - registrati in nessuna 0anagrafe: non hanno nome, casa, patria, genitori.

 

IT

Family Register

戶口登記簿

danh saùch thaønh vieân

EN-EN

ZH

VI

Census Register from 1847-69.  Records the names of boarders accepted at Valdocco during each solar year.

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angeli (custodi)

301vigano.txt -  all’altare, e i nostri 0angeli custodi l’hanno scritto a caratteri d’oro, per ricordarcelo spesso

 

IT

angels, guardian

天使(護守)

nhöõng thieân thaàn, ngöôøi

baûo veä (hoä thuû)

EN-EN

ZH

VI

Why include angels here?  Desramaut asks this question in selecting the term for his 100 words of Salesian spirituality. He finds that DB from early days of his ministry, invoked and used the Church’s understanding of the Guardian Angels. Devotion to the Guardian Angels was the title of one of his very first written works.

Rua and Albera continued mention of the devotion.  Then silence, for the most part.  Desramaut hopes for a ‘return of the angels’ in Catholic spirituality.

anima

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DBscritti.txt -  un'anima sola, per promuovere la maggior gloria di Dio, secondo le nostre Costituzioni,

 

LA

soul

靈魂

linh hoàn

 

EN-EN

ZH

VI

as in da mihi animas coetera tolle

The term is among Desramaut’s 100 words of Salesian spirituality –especially for its significance in the da mihi animas… When we use the term today we reject any kind of dualism between body and soul and think rather of the whole person.

animatore

PGmanCapitolo 1.txt - L’animatore salesiano nel gruppo giovanile. Una proposta salesiana. Documento PG 12. LDC

 

IT

group leader, animator

推動者 激勵者

laõnh ñaïo nhoùm, ngöôøi sinh ñoäng

EN-EN

ZH

VI

There are instances where the term may be glossed simply as group leader, especially if animator is less likely to be understood out-side a Salesian context

 cf animazione below

animatore spirituale

Cg20-2.txt -  b) Nella comunità formatrice la direzione spirituale comunitaria è compito del Direttore, 1animatore spirituale

IT

Spiritual Animator

Ngöôøi sinh ñoäng tinh thaàn

EN-EN

VI

The term is used of the priest who is responsible for a group of ADMA (Clients of MHC).  It would normally be capitalised in English.

 

animazione

Rfcap08.txt - domestici, accetta tutti incondizionatamente e dà il suo contributo per l’animazione.

 

IT

animation

推動 激勵

sinh ñoäng

EN-EN

ZH

VI

Codified in Salesian texts since Vat II.  Animation is a quality, a service, a style, something which is a capacity of individual Salesians (capacità dell'animazione), of leadership, something to be exercised in the community, e.g. the animazione della comunità (animation of the community), or the animazione del CEP (animation of the Educative and Pastoral Community)

a style of leadership.  We speak of something also more structured as in the servizio di animazione-service of animation or even organismi di animazione or animation structures, animation bodies (such as commissions)

animazione pastorale

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PGmanCapitolo 3.txt -  * coinvolgere i Salesiani anzitutto in compiti di animazione pastorale,

 

IT

youth leadership, youth animation

訓練青年領袖

vieäc höôùng daãn giôùi treû, sinh doäng giôùi treû

EN-EN

 

ZH

VI

The gloss will depend on whether it is the young themselves leading, or being led

 

annali

362vecchi.txt -  "Frattanto, raccontano gli 17Annali, gli atti e le parole di Don Bosco sulle Missioni avevano gettato un fermento nuovo

IT

annals

年鑑

hoài kyù

EN-EN

ZH

VI

For Salesians, the first thing that comes to mind are the Annals of the Society written by the Congregation’s second great historian, Fr Eugene Ceria.  4 volumes.  Italian.

Return to Index

An abridged version of the Annals has been published by Hyderabad province, translated by Fr John Lens.

annuario

eg12-Comunicazione fra segretaria ispettoriale e segretaria generale.txt -

 L’3ANNUARIO (elenco generale dei confratelli e delle case) della Società è un prezioso aiuto per la

IT

Year Book

年鑑

Nieân giaùm

EN-EN

ZH

VI

In fact annuari existed in the Salesian Society from 1870, and contained an elenco generale....  At some stage this became simply the Elenco.  It was known as The Elenco until 2002, and subsequently as ‘annuario.’ 

Yearbook, Year Book are variants.

 

 

ANS Agenzia Internazionale di Informazione Salesiana

IT

cf reference to Agenzia Internazionale di Informazione Salesiana

 

 

 

apostolato

Rfcap06.txt - – buona esperienza vissuta di vita cristiana e di apostolato;

 

 

 

 

 

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IT

apostolate

使徒工作

(thuoäc veà) toâng ñoà

 

EN-EN

ZH

VI

At one point the term apostolate appeared to be a likely gloss for pastorale as in Youth Apostolate, but as the definition from SGC indicates, they are not the same.  Hence Youth Pastoral Ministry came into being as a better gloss for the specific nature of Salesian ministry for the young.

 

Apostolate has a wider meaning, as the RM recently put it, ‘apostolic’ means to work for the growth of the Church.  We also speak of our impegno apostolico or apostolic commitment, something which arises from and is inspired by pastoral charity.

Desramaut includes it among his 100 words of Salesian spirituality, but devotes most of his discussion to its newer significance in terms of new evangelization.

Apostole della Sacra Famiglia ASF

IT

Apostles of the Holy Family

 聖家使徒

Nhöõng toâng ñoà cuûa  gia ñình thaùnh

EN-EN

 

ZH

VI

Founded in 1889 in Messina by Card. Guarino

Members of the Salesian Family

appartenenza alla Chiesa

379chavez.txt - * un senso, sempre più responsabile e coraggioso, di 5appartenenza alla Chiesa,

IT

belonging to the Church

thuoäc veà Giaùo hoäi

 

EN-EN

VI

Other than its more general reference to the place the Salesians have in the Church, the 'sense of belonging to the Church or 'ecclesial belonging' is one of the main aims of Salesian education to faith of the young.  

approfondire

290vigano.txt -Noi siamo tutti impegnati da mesi ad 3approfondire ed applicare il CG21.

IT

examine closely

深入探討

thaåm ñònh caùch gaàn guõi

EN-EN

ZH

VI

suggested meaning – or other similar

 

Archivio Salesiano Centrale ASC

 

IT

Salesian Central Archives

 慈幼會中央檔案室

vaên khoá  trung öông cuûa Saleâdieâng

EN-EN

 

ZH

VI

 cf archives below

 Return to Index

archivi

eg07-Separazione dalla società.txt -  all’Oratore e reperibile negli Archivi delle case di formazione.

 

 

 

 

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IT

archives

vaên khoá

 

EN-EN

VI

The Elementi Giuridici provide a number of articles describing the importance of conserving the heritage of the Congregation by way of archives, either at local (House) or Province level. At the level of central administration there are the Salesian Central Archives. This follows the requirements of Canon Law.  Official archives are the subject of various regulations and it is recommended that the Congregation and the Provinces have their own regulations as to the who, when, how of the archives.

artigiani

DBBesucco.txt - Gli artigiani devono aver compiuto i 12 anni e non oltrepassare i 18; essere orfani di padre e di madre;

IT

working boys

工藝生

nhöõng treû em lao ñoäng

EN-EN

ZH

VI

boys learning a trade in one of the workshops in DB’s time

 

ascesi

Pv8.txt - Don Bosco usava i mezzi dell'ascesi cristiana,

 

IT

asceticism

苦行主義

ñôøi soáng khoå haïnh

EN-EN

ZH

VI

The English gloss has an unfamiliar ring about it – part of the problem of contemporary spirituality, undoubtedly!  But the most frequent problem in linguistic terms is the occasional habit of transliterating the Italian to produce ascesis, the Greek term.  This is quite unfamiliar!  Therefore, asceticism is the preferred gloss.

Part of the problem of the English word ascetic, asceticism, is that it conjures up images of Mahatma Gandhi or the like (or the holy pictures of Don Rua?).  It would be worth reading what Desramaut has to say about this term in Salesian and Christian spirituality – he counts it among the 100 important terms.

ascritto/i

Dbmem.txt - Gli aspiranti provati e conosciuti come sopra si possono con facilità ricevere fra gli 8ascritti.

IT

novice(S)

初學生

taäp sinh

EN-EN

ZH

VI

Don Bosco’s first descriptions of the Salesian Society did not envisage a traditional novitiate, so he did not speak of novizi but rather ascritti

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Asia Est-Oceania

CG25strutture1.txt - * gruppo Asia Est-Oceania comprendente: Australia, Cina, Filippine Nord....

 

IT

East Asia-Oceania

東亞大洋洲

Ñoâng AÙ-UÙc

EN-EN

ZH

VI

Current term for Salesian region comprising provinces in East Asia and Oceania

 

Asia Sud

CG25alleg2.txt - Sono stati costituiti due distinti gruppi di Ispettorie, denominati 6Asia Sud

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IT

Asia South

南亞

Nam AÙ

EN-EN

ZH

VI

Current term for Salesian region comprising provinces mainly of India