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[ English ] [ Italian ]

terms marked with ^† are often without further comment. They come from the experience of people who have translated large tracts of Salesian literature, e.g. Fr Borgatelli’s translation of the Memorie Biografiche. In other words most of these terms are dated ones, found only or mainly in older Salesian texts. To view terms in context, click on the text indicator below the term (not all terms have one as yet). Use the 'find' facility in Notepad or other to find the precise location of the term in context Return to Finding Your Way
gaku-　　学	JA	knowledge, learning	EN-EN	This term is essential for understanding the various terms used for our educational works in Japan. The romanised form and the Chinese ideograph are used here as part of the explanation. If we add -en (or -in), meaning essentially a garden or pretty place, but then a building, we get gakuin 学院 or school, hence Salesio gakuin, Salesian school.	kyu-gaku 共学 is together-learn, or co-education. shugaku would be primary school (school for small ones). kutugaku is Senior High, a three year course. senmon gaku (from senmon, special) is a Vocational College. Daigaku (dai, big) is university and daigakuin a postgraduate course.
Generala Dbps2.txt - riformatorii dello stato. Pigliando per base le carceri correzionali della Generala di Torino, e riducendo la	IT	The Generala 總院	EN-EN ZH	Correctional institute mainly for juveniles. Loitering, vagrancy and begging accounted for over 50% of the cases referred to the Generala. On the whole, it could be said that in the 1840’s Turin was a city of ‘poor and abandoned’ rather than criminal juveniles.
geniale Cg24 DocCap.txt - coadiutore, "geniale creazione del gran cuore di Don Bosco" (Don	IT	brilliant, gifted, clever… 有才華的天才的	EN-EN ZH	Beware: a typical ‘false friend’ difficulty – often glossed as genial which has another meaning altogether!
GEX (Giovanni Exallievi)	IT	GEX (Young Past Pupils)	IT-IT	Has been adopted in Europe at least and in Latin America, simply as GEX	Return to Index
giaculatoria Return to top Cg20-5.txt - spontanea o preghiera giaculatoria. Nell' uso della giaculatoria, secondo lui, si fonda la grande opera della	IT	invocation 短經短誦	EN-EN ZH	The more obvious term ejaculation is now hardly usable because of its sexual connotations
ginnasio 368vecchi.txt -Chiese infatti di farsi salesiano e nel 1927 entrò nel noviziato di Czerwinsk. Seguirono gli anni del ginnasio e della	IT	secondary high school 初中	EN-EN ZH	In the Casati school reform (1859) the five-year course of secondary studies was called ginnasio.. In time the term came to designate middle school. Nowadays it is much less in use.	Divided into a lower section of three years and an upper section of two years, ending with a comprehensive examination and diploma (licenza). Note: licenza here not to be confused with the licenza or masters degree from UPS.
gioia Dbdomsav.txt - raggiungere, ed allora egli con gioia lo portava	IT	joy 快樂	EN-EN ZH	The term appears with some frequency in the Constitutions of both SDBs and FMAs (along with the adjectival form ‘joyous’).	Not to be confused with happiness or with pleasure. The term appears with optimism in the phrase joy and optimism.
Giona	IT	Jonah 喬納	EN-EN ZH	The name given by DB in MO to Jacob Levi, a Jewish student friend. After his baptism at Chieri 10^th August 1834, he altered his name and surname to Luigi Bolmida (surname from his godfather).
giorno della comunità 348vigano.txt - Con il CG23 si è indicato anche il «2giorno della comunità», che può facilitare ogni tanto un accurato esame di	IT	community day 團體日	EN-EN ZH	Established as a regular weekly practice in Salesian communities. From GC23 onwards.	Return to Index
Giovane Provveduto Return to top DBGiovprov.txt - [BOSCO G.,] Il giovane provveduto per la pratica de' suoi doveri degli esercizi di	IT	The Companion of Youth 青年袖珍	EN-EN ZH	The English gloss is now standard, but it does not exactly translate the Italian title. The Italian title is much longer, as was the custom in those days to provide a title which described the contents more fully.	Authored by Don Bosco. 1^st edition 1847, and the final edition in his lifetime was in 1885. There were more than a million copies produced over that period
giovanetto DBBesucco.txt - questo giovanetto a manifestare nei suoi discorsi un grado di scienza ordinariamente	IT	youth, young boys 青少年	EN-EN ZH	A range of terms seem interchangeable: fanciullini, fanciulli, giovani, giovanetti, giovinetti, or in Latin, adolescentes, adolescentuli. Iuvenes.	Opposed to these would be giovani grandicelli which in at least one text by DB is determined as being from 16-30 years of age
giovanotto DBValentino.txt - aver altro a fare lasciò il figlio solo a discorrere col direttore. Alla vista d'un giovanotto	IT	young man	EN-EN	DB uses these two terms (this and the one above), usually in the plural form
giovani DBGiovprov.txt - allontanare i giovani dalla virtù. Il primo é far loro venir in mente Return to top	IT	young people 青少年	EN-EN ZH	For DB the term had a male only reference. But depending on the context it was a term that might have much more attached to it. An example comes from the famous saying "Ho promesso a Dio che fin l'ultimo mio respiro sarebbe stato per i miei poveri giovani" (I have promised God that I will be for my poor boys until my last breath). Synonymous terms: adolescenti (adolescents), cf above for giovanetto.	N Cerrato (Vi Presento Don Bosco LDC 2005) points out that Desramaut's comment that the original formulation employed 'poveri orfanelli' rather than 'poveri giovani' does not thus discredit the MB version (Vol 18). DB, he says, was almost certainly speaking Piedmontese where he would have used 'povri fieuj' not the unusual 'povri orfaneij'. 'povri fieuj' translates as ragazzi or giovani in Italian but carries the Piedmontese meaning of poor and abandoned and probably orphaned.
giovani a rischio 380chavez13.txt - Offrire criteri operativi al Forum del YAR (l’équipe di PG tra i giovani a rischio della Regione Asia Sud)	IT	young people at risk 處於危機的青年	EN-EN ZH	People who, because of family and social culture to which they belong, or personal conditions in life, relationships with peers and difficulties with various reference institutions (school, services, public safety), present the high probability of being outside channels of instruction and formation and possibility of employment, and so risk social exclusion and marginalisation
giovani di strada	IT	street children, street kids 街童	EN-EN ZH	cf also giovani a rischio	Return to Index
Giovanni	IT	John 若望	EN-EN ZH	John Bosco’s baptismal name. He would often use a variant Gioanni.
Giovanni Paolo II Return to top Return to top	IT	John Paul II, “John Paul the Great”	EN-EN	In the words of Fr Chavez, Rector Major at the time of Pope John Paul's death: He leaves us a spiritual testament – his constant defence of the human being, who only finds his full significance and reaches his true goal in Christ, true God and true Man – and a pastoral testament, that magnificent “navigation chart” for the Church at the dawn of the 21st century, which is Novo Millennio Ineunte. “John Paul the Great?” 1. John Paul II was an extraordinary man, because of his exceptional appreciation of the human being, of his dignity and of his rights. It is enough to think of the way he has fought for the main world issues, for the recognition that “nothing that is truly human is outside his concern.” 2. John Paul II was a charismatic figure, able to draw millions of people to him on account of his genuineness, his courage, his consistency. It is not surprising that right until the most recent polls concerning the credibility of world leaders he continued to lead the way. 3. John Paul II was a convinced Christian who from his youth had been able to form his extraordinary personality by finding inspiration and strength in the Lord Jesus and in His Gospel. His life, but also his “zeal” are a faithful reflection of the Lord Jesus to whom he consecrated his life, following in His footsteps and modelling himself on Him throughout his whole life. 4. John Paul II was a citizen of the world, who committed himself without self interest to the great issues that face humanity, which in his last speech to the Diplomatic Corps accredited to the Holy See he summed up in four words: life, food, peace and freedom. From this point of view he was sometimes seen even as a great statesman.	5. John Paul II was a Pope who for over 26 years guided the Church at this phase of history, at the end of the second millennium and the beginning of the third, one characterised by the struggle against communism, against every kind of violence, of suppression and injustice, against the current unfettered neo-liberalism, and not least against terrorism, with firmness, with boldness, with ‘parresia’, with faith. 6. John Paul II was an extraordinary communicator, who made use of the media to reach the greatest number of people and to proclaim the “good news” everywhere. 7. John Paul II was a Successor of Peter, who knew how to preserve “the deposit of faith,” at a time of great relativism and confusion, without giving way to pressures or to compromises. 8. John Paul II was a good shepherd, who as a pilgrim travelled to the furthest ends of the world, announcing Jesus Christ with freedom and joy, always sustaining his steps with his shepherd’s staff and fixing his eyes on the cross. With Paul, he could make his own the Apostle’s words: «I have fought the good fight, I have finished the race, I have kept the faith. Henceforth there is laid up for me the crown of righteousness, which the Lord, the righteous judge will award to me on that Day; and not only to me but also to all who have loved his appearing. » (2Tim 4,7-8).

gioventù Return to top DBCircolari.txt - abbiamo fatto in questa terra, specialmente a vantaggio della povera gioventù.	IT	youth	EN-EN	The collective term. cf individual terms.
globale 305vigano.txt - — Prese atto dell’accettazione globale che le Costituzioni rinnovate avevano avuto da parte delle Ispettorie e dei	IT	overall, global 整體	EN-EN ZH	In general avoid glossing with global unless it is clear that this is the better choice
globalizzazione 364vecchi.txt - costumi trasversali e dalla comunicazione sociale. Nell’ambito economico ha luogo una "globalizzazione", Return to top	IT	globalisation 全球化	EN-EN ZH	Cf. also mondializzazione. When both globalizzazione and mondializzazione appear together in our texts (e.g. ACG 387 p. 15) we have to assume they are synonyms but distinguishable. It is a relatively new term in Salesian usage - only since Vecchi.	Attempts to distinguish the two concepts such that mondializzazione emphasizes the existence of the nation-state and its need to have arrangements with other nation-states. The existence of the UNO then becomes an example of mondializzazione. Globalizzazione appears to have a more negative feel about it involving the worst aspects of economy, internet and communications, language etc.
governo SSCS - it.txt - Infine, il "Progetto di Animazione e governo del Rettor Maggiore e del suo Consiglio per	IT	government 政府	EN-EN ZH	In today’s Salesian discourse the term is readily recognizable, especially in conjunction with animation (animazione e governo).	In Don Bosco’s time it was more likely to be a description of the actions involved in ‘governing’ a religious community, terms such as comando, dirigere, giudicare, even correggere. The language today is very much that of the service of authority.
Grignolino	IT-PIE	Grignolino	IT-IT	A grape type (name of wine) typical of the Monferrato region around Don Bosco’s home town of Castelnuovo.	Return to Index
gruppo di ispettorie 388COLLABORAZIONE INTERISPETTORIALE.txt gruppo di Ispettorie della stessa nazione o conferenza o regione	IT	group of provinces	EN-N	The term is technical and distinguished from a provincial conference. The classic concept of a 'group' in this sense is that group of provinces which forms a region. In the EAO region, for example, there are widely disparate provinces in terms of culture and geography.	In the case of a group of provinces there is not the commonality of situation that warrants a conference, and the link is largely that between the provinces and the centre.
gruppi eg13-L'archivio ispettoriale e gli archivi delle case.txt - - Altri Gruppi della Famiglia Salesiana Return to top	IT	groups	EN-EN	The term may sometimes be found capitalised especially when it refers to specific groups such as youth groups or groups in the Salesian Family. Cf. also associazionismo.	But it is significant in Salesian literature especially because it is a precise methodological choice in Salesian educational approach, to deal with youngsters in groups and to teach them the value of working in groups. In this sense, then, Salesian groups offer a positive experience of groups rather than the experience of 'pressure' groups.
guai Dbmosf.txt - dei guai avvenuti in mia famiglia,	IT	disorders	EN-EN	The term is found in the BM and MO. Note that disordini is abuses, not disorders	More freqeuntly the term is part of a phrase - guai a noi, for example (woe to us)
guida della comunità Costituzioni3.txt - insieme col direttore, 8guida della comunità e maestro di spirito, un gruppo Return to top	IT	community guide	EN-EN	The term refers especially to the rethinking of the role of the rector in the post-Vatican II community as pastor and guide, part of his service of authority.	The term refers always to one who, according to our charismatic tradition, exercises ministerial priesthood and has pastoral experience.